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Related Concept Videos

Spermatogenesis01:22

Spermatogenesis

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Spermatogenesis is a complex process that involves the development of sperm cells from undifferentiated stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The process is essential for the production of mature and functional sperm cells that are capable of fertilizing an egg.
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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Meiosis II01:57

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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...
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Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by...
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Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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What is Meiosis?01:34

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Meiosis is the process by which diploid cells divide to produce haploid daughter cells. In humans, each diploid cell contains 46 chromosomes, half from the mother and half from the father. Following meiosis, the resulting haploid eggs or sperm only contain 23 chromosomes; however, each of these chromosomes contains a unique combination of parental information that results from the meiotic process of crossing over.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Transillumination-Assisted Dissection of Specific Stages of the Mouse Seminiferous Epithelial Cycle for Downstream Immunostaining Analyses
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Metabolic transitions define spermatogonial stem cell maturation.

A L Voigt1, R Dardari1, L Su1

  • 1Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.

Human Reproduction (Oxford, England)
|July 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prepubertal human spermatogonia (stem cells) shift their metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic pathways after age 11. This finding is crucial for understanding male infertility and developing future fertility treatments.

Keywords:
OXPHOSSSC developmentmetabolic transitionsmetabolismprepubertal testis

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Last Updated: Sep 4, 2025

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Serial Enrichment of Spermatogonial Stem and Progenitor Cells SSCs in Culture for Derivation of Long-term Adult Mouse SSC Lines
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Serial Enrichment of Spermatogonial Stem and Progenitor Cells SSCs in Culture for Derivation of Long-term Adult Mouse SSC Lines

Published on: February 25, 2013

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Metabolism

Background:

  • Adult spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) rely on glycolysis for maintenance.
  • Embryonic SSC precursors (primordial germ cells) utilize oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS).
  • The timing of metabolic transition in human SSCs during prepubertal development is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map the metabolic development of human SSCs from embryonic stages to adulthood.
  • To investigate if a similar metabolic switch occurs in murine spermatogonia.
  • To identify regulatory mechanisms of metabolic transitions during SSC maturation.

Main Methods:

  • Meta-analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) datasets from human, mouse, and pig spermatogonia.
  • Differential gene expression and pathway enrichment analyses.
  • Quantitative proteomic analysis and in vitro culture experiments in a pig model.

Main Results:

  • Human prepubertal spermatogonia exhibit high OXPHOS gene expression, which downregulates at puberty.
  • A similar metabolic shift from OXPHOS to glycolysis is observed in developing mouse spermatogonia.
  • Metabolic transition in humans is associated with morphological changes in SSCs around age 11.

Conclusions:

  • Human spermatogonia undergo a significant metabolic shift from OXPHOS to glycolysis post-puberty.
  • This developmental metabolic reprogramming is conserved across species (human, mouse).
  • Findings provide critical insights for ex vivo SSC expansion for clinical applications in infertility.