Automated Image Threshold Method Comparison for Conjunctival Vessel Quantification on Optical Coherence Tomography...

To determine the impact of image binarization and the best thresholding method for conjunctival optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

Vessel density (VD) of 14 OCTA conjunctival images (nine nasal and five temporal conjunctivas, and eight right and six left eyes) from normal subjects was analyzed. The binarization of gold-standard images, created by removing pixels that do not represent vessels on ImageJ software, was assessed by three masked graders to determine consistency of VD for images. Various thresholding methods on ImageJ, including manual, 1-, 2- and 3-step processes, were performed on unprocessed images for comparison. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ≥0.750 were classified as good reliability and selected for calculation of the performance of the pixel location in the binarized images of each method.

Analysis of the gold-standard threshold method achieved an ICC of 0.816 with excellent agreement (R2 = 0.965, P < 0.001). From a total 28 different methods and variations performed, only nine methods performed with good reliability, including two 1-step thresholds, six 2-step thresholds, and one 3-step threshold method. Overall, 2-step threshold methods were more reliable than 3-step threshold methods. The 2-step method of Bandpass filter + Phansalkar local threshold (LT) showed the best performance with mean pixel accuracy of 86.9% ± 6.8%, area under the curve of 0.826, sensitivity of 79.0%, and specificity 86.1%.

Bandpass filter + Phansalkar LT was the best method for VD measurement in conjunctival OCTA. Most commonly reported threshold methods showed unsatisfactory agreement. There is a need in the OCTA field for a standardized method to allow comparison between different studies.

The proposed threshold method using a widely accessible and commonly used software provides an accurate VD measurement for future OCTA studies.