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Cascading indirect genetic effects in a clonal vertebrate.

Amber M Makowicz1, David Bierbach2,3,4, Christian Richardson1

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Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) can spread beyond individuals who experience them, influencing naive group members. This carry-over effect impacts social evolution and trait variation in populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Behavioral ecology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Individual differences are fundamental to biology.
  • Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) arise from genetically based variation in social partners.
  • Understanding IGE propagation is crucial for social evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if IGEs can influence phenotypes of individuals not directly exposed.
  • To investigate the cascading effects of IGEs in a clonal species.

Main Methods:

  • Used the clonal Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa).
  • Exposed genetically identical focal individuals to conspecifics of different clonal lineages.
  • Moved focal individuals to new groups to assess carry-over effects.

Main Results:

  • Genetically distinct social environments led to varied aggression levels in focal individuals.
  • IGEs persisted and influenced naive individuals in subsequent social groups.
  • Demonstrated that IGEs can cascade beyond direct experience.

Conclusions:

  • IGEs can propagate and influence naive individuals, demonstrating cascading effects.
  • Cascading IGEs can amplify or mitigate trait variation and evolutionary trajectories.
  • Expanding the IGE framework is essential for understanding social evolution and predicting population responses.