[Literature Review on the Type of Fish and Histamine-producing Bacteria Associated with Histamine Poisonings in...

Histamine poisoning has been reported worldwide. Improvements in refrigeration technology have led to a reduction in this food poisoning; however, it continues to occur. Misdiagnosis of fish allergies has compounded this problem and the number of patients subjected to histamine poisoning that are transported to the emergency ward because of anaphylactic shock-like symptoms should not be underestimated. We investigated incidents of histamine food poisoning in Japan from 1998 to 2020, and found that there were a mean 9.7 incidents/year and 195.3 cases/year. Facility-wise occurrence of the incidents per year was the highest in restaurants followed by lunch facilities, and these together accounted for approximately 70% of the incidents. Facility-wise total number of cases was the highest in lunch facilities followed by restaurants, and these together accounted for 80% of the cases. Fish associated with histamine poisoning were mainly tuna, marlin, and mackerel. Based on the current literature review, 23 genera of histamine-producing bacteria were isolated from fish purchased in Japan. The most frequently reported bacteria were Morganella morganii and Photobacterium damselae. Psychrophilic bacteria such as Morganella psychrotolerans and Photobacterium phosphoreum were also isolated. To prevent histamine poisoning, freezing or fast handling of fish and the products during processing and consuming is important because only refrigeration of fish is enough.