Tuberculosis treatment adherence in the era of COVID-19

BACKGROUND In-person directly observed therapy (DOT) is commonly used for tuberculosis (TB) treatment monitoring in the US, with increasing usage of video-DOT (vDOT). We evaluated the impact of COVID-19 on TB treatment adherence, and utilization and effectiveness of vDOT. METHODS We abstracted routinely collected data on individuals treated for TB disease in Baltimore, Maryland between April 2019 and April 2021. Our primary outcomes were to assess vDOT utilization and treatment adherence, defined as the proportion of prescribed doses (7 days/week) verified by observation (in-person versus video-DOT), comparing individuals in the pre- and post-COVID (April 2020) periods. RESULTS Among 52 individuals with TB disease, 24 (46%) received treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. vDOT utilization significantly increased post-COVID (18/24[75%]) compared to pre-COVID (12/28[43%], p=0.02). Overall, median verified adherence was similar pre- and post-COVID (65% versus 68%, respectively, p=0.96). Adherence was significantly higher overall when using vDOT (median 86% [IQR 70-98%]) compared to DOT (median 59% [IQR 55%-64%], p<0.01); this improved adherence with vDOT was evident in both the pre-COVID (median 98% vs 58%, p<0.01) and post-COVID period (median 80% vs 62%, p=0.01). CONCLUSION vDOT utilization increased post-COVID and was more effective than in-person DOT at verifying ingestion of prescribed treatment.