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Potential Due to a Polarized Object

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...

Magnetic Field Lines

Magnetic Field Lines

The representation of magnetic fields by magnetic field lines is very useful in visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. Each of the magnetic field lines forms a closed loop. The field lines emerge from the north pole (N), loop around to the south pole (S), and continue through the bar magnet back to the north pole.
Magnetic field lines follow several hard-and-fast rules:

Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field

Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field

The magnetic field due to a volume current distribution given by the Biot–Savart Law can be expressed as follows:

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Consider a circular loop with a radius a, that carries a current I. The magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point P along the axis of the loop can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Author Spotlight: Non-Invasive Imaging of Complex Bio-Structures Using Polarization-Sensitive Two-Photon Microscopy

Author Spotlight: Non-Invasive Imaging of Complex Bio-Structures Using Polarization-Sensitive Two-Photon Microscopy

Published on: September 8, 2023

Small-Scale Irregularities Within Polarization Jet/SAID During Geomagnetic Activity.

A A Sinevich^1,2, A A Chernyshov^1,2, D V Chugunin¹

¹Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Science Moscow Russia.

Geophysical Research Letters

|July 21, 2022

Summary

Polarization Jet/Sub-Auroral Ion Drift (PJ/SAID) structures were studied using satellite data. During geomagnetic storms, plasma parameter fluctuations increase, with larger-scale effects becoming more prominent.

Keywords:

geomagnetic activity polarization jet/SAID satellite data subauroral ionosphere

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Last Updated: Sep 4, 2025

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Area of Science:

Space Physics
Plasma Physics
Aerospace Engineering

Background:

Polarization Jets/Sub-Auroral Ion Drifts (PJ/SAID) are key phenomena in Earth's magnetosphere.
Understanding their spatial structure is crucial for space weather prediction.
Previous studies lacked high-resolution in-situ measurements of PJ/SAID plasma parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the spatial structure of PJ/SAID during geomagnetic storms.
To analyze plasma parameters and electron density spectra within PJ/SAID with unprecedented temporal resolution.
To compare small-scale and large-scale irregularities and their behavior under varying geomagnetic activity.

Main Methods:

Utilized data from NorSat-1 and Swarm satellites during a geomagnetic storm.
Employed Langmuir probes on NorSat-1 for high-frequency (up to 1 kHz) plasma parameter measurements.
Performed comparative analysis of plasma data and electron density spectra from both satellites.

Main Results:

Observed increased fluctuations in plasma parameters at all scales within PJ/SAID with rising geomagnetic activity.
Measured in-situ small-scale irregularities down to hundreds of meters.
Found that large-scale effects within PJ/SAID become more significant than small-scale ones during high geomagnetic activity.
Identified PJ/SAID structures approximately 0.2° in latitude, containing small-scale irregularities.

Conclusions:

Geomagnetic activity significantly influences the spatial structure and dynamics of PJ/SAID.
High-resolution satellite measurements reveal intricate small-scale and large-scale plasma irregularities within PJ/SAID.
The interplay between small- and large-scale structures evolves with geomagnetic conditions, impacting the overall PJ/SAID morphology.