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Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

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In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded...
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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
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Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence
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Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence

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Telomere Length Regulation.

Peter Lansdorp1,2

  • 1Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia (BC) Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Frontiers in Oncology
|July 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Telomere length varies greatly, and its loss impacts cell proliferation, aging, and cancer. Understanding telomere DNA damage, replication, and structures is crucial for future research.

Keywords:
developmentlifespanquadruplex DNAtelomerasetelomere length measurementstelomere length regulationtelomere replicationtumor suppression

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Telomere repeats (TTAGGG)n are crucial for chromosome stability.
  • Telomere shortening limits cell proliferation and contributes to aging and cancer.
  • Mechanisms of telomere length regulation are complex and not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss factors regulating telomere length in mammalian cells.
  • To explore mechanistic and evolutionary perspectives on telomere biology.
  • To highlight the need for further research into telomere dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on telomere biology.
  • Mechanistic analysis of telomere length regulation.
  • Evolutionary perspective on telomere dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Telomere length is highly variable across chromosomes, cells, and species.
  • Telomere shortening is linked to cellular senescence and apoptosis.
  • Multiple factors, including DNA damage, replication errors, and DNA structures, influence telomere length.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to understand telomere DNA damage, replication, chromatin, phase transitions, TERRA, and secondary structures.
  • Limitations in measurement techniques and inter-species/cell-type differences complicate generalizations.
  • Mechanistic and evolutionary insights are essential for a comprehensive understanding of telomere regulation.