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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Agents for Microbial Control01:27

Chemical Agents for Microbial Control

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Chemicals play important roles in controlling microbial growth by targeting microbial structures and functions as sanitizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilants.Alcohols are commonly used sanitizers, effectively disrupting lipid membranes, which compromises cell integrity. They are also used as antiseptics and disinfectants due to their rapid action and versatility.Phenols and their derivatives phenolics , known for denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes, are particularly...
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing01:10

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The sequence of removing or doffing PPE starts with the gloves, as they are the most contaminated. Next is removal of the face shield or goggles, as they would interfere with removing other PPE. Then remove the gown, followed by the mask or respirator. Perform hand hygiene between steps if hands become contaminated and immediately after removing all PPE. Generally, the outside front and sleeves of the isolation gown, the goggles or the mask, the respirator, and the face shield are contaminated.
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an ABSL-4 Laboratory: 3. Aerobiology
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Smallpox as a Bioagent: A Refresher and Update for the SOF Provider.

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Smallpox, a eradicated disease, remains a threat as a biological weapon. Updated countermeasures are now available for prevention and treatment.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Infectious Diseases
    • Public Health
    • Biodefense

    Background:

    • Smallpox (variola virus) was eradicated globally in 1980 after a WHO-led campaign.
    • It has historical significance as a biological weapon, posing a threat to US military personnel.
    • The long interval since the last natural case necessitates high clinical suspicion for recognition.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a clinical refresher and update on smallpox epidemiology and management.
    • To review newly available FDA-approved countermeasures for smallpox prevention and treatment.

    Main Methods:

    • This review synthesizes current knowledge on smallpox clinical disease.
    • It includes an update on epidemiological data and management strategies.
    • Focus is placed on recently approved countermeasures.

    Main Results:

    • Despite eradication, smallpox remains a Category A Bioagent of concern.
    • Limited historical countermeasures are being supplemented by new agents.
    • Updated FDA-approved treatments and preventive measures are now available.

    Conclusions:

    • A thorough understanding of smallpox is crucial for early detection.
    • New countermeasures enhance preparedness against potential smallpox threats.
    • This review updates clinicians on managing smallpox in the modern era.