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Smallpox as a Bioagent: A Refresher and Update for the SOF Provider
Abstract:
Smallpox plagued humans for millennia until its eradication in 1980 following a successful global campaign led by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is the first known biological weapon to be used in war and has been weaponized in the past by the former Soviet Union. To date, smallpox remains a Category A Bioagent and is assessed to be a relevant threat to US military personnel. Given that the last natural case of smallpox occurred more than 40 years ago, a high level of suspicion along with a substantial understanding of the disease process are required to recognize potential future cases. While available countermeasures are limited, several new agents have recently become available for the prevention and treatment of smallpox and have been added to the strategic national stockpile. This review serves as a refresher and update for the clinical disease, to include its epidemiology and management with updated FDA-approved countermeasures.
Insights
Smallpox, a eradicated disease, remains a threat as a biological weapon. Updated countermeasures are now available for prevention and treatment.
Area of Science:
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
- Biodefense
Background:
- Smallpox (variola virus) was eradicated globally in 1980 after a WHO-led campaign.
- It has historical significance as a biological weapon, posing a threat to US military personnel.
- The long interval since the last natural case necessitates high clinical suspicion for recognition.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a clinical refresher and update on smallpox epidemiology and management.
- To review newly available FDA-approved countermeasures for smallpox prevention and treatment.
Main Methods:
- This review synthesizes current knowledge on smallpox clinical disease.
- It includes an update on epidemiological data and management strategies.
- Focus is placed on recently approved countermeasures.
Main Results:
- Despite eradication, smallpox remains a Category A Bioagent of concern.
- Limited historical countermeasures are being supplemented by new agents.
- Updated FDA-approved treatments and preventive measures are now available.
Conclusions:
- A thorough understanding of smallpox is crucial for early detection.
- New countermeasures enhance preparedness against potential smallpox threats.
- This review updates clinicians on managing smallpox in the modern era.
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