Electrodialysis for the volume reduction of the simulated radionuclides containing seawater

In this study, electrodialysis (ED) was performed to concentrate the radionuclides containing seawater for volume minimization. The concentration behaviors of the trace radioactive elements were also explored. Under the optimal voltage drop of 6 V and the volume ratio of 1:40, the concentration times of Cs⁺, Co²⁺, Sr²⁺ and I^- could reach 9.9, 9.5, 20.1 and 32.5, respectively. Furthermore, it enabled over 80% volume reduction and over 90% removal of all hazardous radionuclides. Hence, ED is a feasible and promising method to manage the radioactive wastewater due to its high concentration and decontamination performances. For identical ion contents, the concentration rate for the cations presented the order of Na⁺ > Cs⁺ > Sr²⁺ > Co²⁺; the hydration radius and hydration free energy played the dominant roles in ion concentration. In contrast, for the ED concentration of trace radioactive elements, of which the contents are several magnitudes lower than the predominant salt concentration, the concentration rate presented the order of Sr²⁺ > Cs⁺ > Co²⁺ > Na⁺; the specific charge began to play an important role when the predominant ion approached its saturated salt concentration. For the anions, I^- always migrated faster than Cl^- at diverse concentrations.