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This study demonstrates that using 16-bit floating-point (Float16) arithmetic on the Fugaku supercomputer can significantly accelerate Earth-system simulations. Researchers achieved speedups up to 3.8x by optimizing fluid circulation models for lower precision, making computations faster and more efficient.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational science
  • Climate modeling
  • High-performance computing

Background:

  • Earth-system simulations typically use 64-bit double precision (Float64), which may be excessive given uncertainties.
  • The Fugaku supercomputer, based on A64FX microprocessors, supports 16-bit low-precision (Float16) arithmetic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the performance of 16-bit arithmetic (Float16) for Earth-system simulations on the A64FX architecture.
  • To develop and evaluate techniques for addressing precision and dynamic range limitations in Float16.

Main Methods:

  • Developed ShallowWaters.jl, a fluid circulation model using entirely 16-bit arithmetic.
  • Implemented compensated summation for precision-critical time integration.
  • Created the Sherlogs.jl analysis-number format for logging simulation results.
  • Systematically rescaled equations to fit the limited Float16 range (6 × 10⁻⁵ to 65,504).

Main Results:

  • Achieved speedups of up to 3.8x on A64FX using Float16.
  • Incorporating compensated time integration yielded speedups up to 3.6x.
  • Optimized ShallowWaters.jl to utilize 97% of representable Float16 numbers.

Conclusions:

  • 16-bit arithmetic is a viable and competitive method for accelerating Earth-system simulations on modern hardware.
  • Techniques for managing precision and range issues enable efficient use of Float16 in complex models.
  • Findings suggest potential for significant computational gains in climate modeling and related fields.