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Synthetic Biology

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
Golden rice
Golden rice is a genetically modified...

Synthesis of α-Substituted Carbonyl Compounds: The Stork Enamine Reaction

Synthesis of α-Substituted Carbonyl Compounds: The Stork Enamine Reaction

α-Substituted ketones or aldehydes can be synthesized from enamines by the Stork enamine reaction, named after its pioneer Gilbert Stork. Enamines are useful synthetic intermediates where the lone pair on nitrogen is in conjugation with the C=C bond. They resemble enolate ions, as the resonance forms of both species have a nucleophilic α carbon.

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
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Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes.

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Curation of Computational Chemical Libraries Demonstrated with Alpha-Amino Acids

Curation of Computational Chemical Libraries Demonstrated with Alpha-Amino Acids

Published on: April 13, 2022

Synthesis-Aware Generation of Structural Analogues.

Uschi Dolfus¹, Hans Briem², Matthias Rarey¹

¹Universität Hamburg, ZBH - Center for Bioinformatics, Bundesstraße 43, Hamburg, 20146, Germany.

Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling

|July 22, 2022

Summary

Synthesia optimizes drug leads by ensuring synthetic accessibility is maintained during property modification. This novel approach enhances drug design by preserving synthetic pathways for lead structures.

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Published on: February 6, 2020

Area of Science:

Medicinal Chemistry
Computational Chemistry
Drug Discovery

Background:

Drug design often neglects synthetic feasibility, leading to compounds with poor synthetic accessibility.
Optimizing lead structures requires modifying properties while maintaining synthetic routes.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel synthesis-aware lead optimization approach called Synthesia.
To integrate synthetic accessibility preservation into the lead structure modification process.

Main Methods:

Synthesia integrates synthesizability into lead structure modification.
The approach generates structural diversity while preserving synthetic pathways.
Methodology validated using DrugBank compounds and patent structure series (CDK7, Daurismo).

Main Results:

Synthesia successfully generated structural analogues with maintained synthetic pathways.
Compounds from patent series were clustered by synthetic pathway compatibility.
Demonstrated improved synthetic efficiency and estimation of synthesis effort.

Conclusions:

Synthesia effectively modifies compound properties while maintaining in silico synthesizability.
The approach enhances drug design by addressing synthetic feasibility.
Enables efficient synthesis planning and optimization for drug candidates.