Surgical treatment of a difficult case of atrial tachycardia requiring multiple electrophysiologic procedures

A 34-year-old male with incessant drug-refractory atrial tachycardia (AT) was referred to our clinic for catheter ablation. The procedure began with endocardial activation mapping. The earliest endocardial activation site was in the right atrial appendage (RAA). The procedure continued with mapping of the left atrium through a transseptal approach. The earliest local activation was recorded at the anterior site of the right pulmonary veins. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation of both localizations was performed synchronously but failed to terminate the arrhythmia. The procedure continued with isolation of the RAA using cryoballoon but failed again due to the anomalous structure of the RAA. Then, epicardial RF ablation was attempted but failed. Finally, AT could only be terminated by surgical excision of the RAA.