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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
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Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay

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ERα and ERβ Homodimers in the Same Cellular Context Regulate Distinct Transcriptomes and Functions.

Dandan Song1,2, Huan He2,3, Rajitha Indukuri2,4

  • 1Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|July 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) have opposing effects on breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. This study developed a new cell model to compare ERα and ERβ functions within the same cellular context, revealing distinct gene regulation by each receptor.

Keywords:
RNA-Seq - RNA sequencingcistromeestradiol (17ß-estradiol)estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)estrogen receptor beta (ERß)proliferation

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Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer
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Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
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Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer
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Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ are nuclear receptors that bind estrogen (E2) and regulate gene transcription.
  • ERα is associated with breast cancer growth, while ERβ is generally considered anti-proliferative.
  • Their distinct cellular functions are not fully understood due to differing cellular contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To dissect the similarities and differences between ERα and ERβ functions.
  • To generate a novel cell model for direct comparison of ERα and ERβ homodimers in an identical cellular context.
  • To investigate the distinct effects of ERα and ERβ on cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Generated a novel breast cancer MCF7 cell model with Tet-Off-inducible ERβ expression and CRISPR-cas9 deletion of ERα.
  • Utilized RNA sequencing to analyze gene expression changes regulated by E2 via ERα or ERβ.
  • Performed functional gene ontology enrichment analysis and chromatin binding assays.

Main Results:

  • ERα and ERβ regulate MCF7 cell proliferation in opposite directions: E2 increases proliferation via ERα but reduces it via ERβ (G2/M arrest).
  • ERβ differentially impacts cell migration: increasing it in the absence of ligand but reducing it upon E2 treatment, while ERα has no significant effect.
  • RNA sequencing identified distinct transcriptomes regulated by E2 via ERα (417 genes) and ERβ (503 genes), with ERβ specifically impacting extracellular matrix organization.

Conclusions:

  • Within the same cellular context, ERα and ERβ exhibit opposing roles in cell proliferation and distinct effects on cell migration.
  • Each estrogen receptor regulates a unique set of target genes in response to E2.
  • The developed cell model is a valuable resource for further understanding the distinct mechanisms of ERα and ERβ isoforms.