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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Genome Size Variation and Evolution Driven by Transposable Elements in the Genus Oryza.

Shuang-Feng Dai1, Xun-Ge Zhu2, Ge-Rang Hutang2

  • 1Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|July 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genome size in the rice genus Oryza varies significantly, driven by retrotransposon activity. Long terminal repeat retrotransposons, especially LTR/Gypsy types, are key factors in this variation across Oryza species.

Keywords:
Oryzaflow cytometrygenome sizek-mer analysistransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genomics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Comparative genomics

Background:

  • Genome size variation is a key evolutionary factor in flowering plants.
  • The genus Oryza comprises 25 wild and 2 cultivated rice species with 11 distinct genome types (6 diploid, 5 tetraploid).
  • Understanding genome size dynamics in Oryza is crucial for evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze genome size variation across non-AA genome Oryza species.
  • To investigate the evolutionary forces driving genome size differences.
  • To identify the role of repetitive elements in genome size evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry for genome size estimation in 166 accessions from 16 non-AA Oryza species.
  • k-mer analyses to verify experimental genome size data.
  • Comparative genomic analyses to assess repetitive element content and amplification histories.

Main Results:

  • Genome sizes in Oryza varied fourfold, from 279 Mb (O. brachyantha, FF) to 1,203 Mb (O. ridleyi, HHJJ).
  • Tetraploid species showed a 2-fold variation, while diploid species exhibited a 3-fold variation in genome size.
  • Genome size correlated significantly with the content of transposable elements, particularly LTR/Gypsy retrotransposons.

Conclusions:

  • LTR retrotransposons are a primary driver of genome size variation in the genus Oryza.
  • Species within the same genome type exhibit similar genome sizes.
  • Genome size shows a decreasing trend during evolution in the AA, BB, CC, and EE clades, linked to retrotransposon amplification history.