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Trained Immunity and HIV Infection.

Dmitri Sviridov1,2, Yury I Miller3, Michael I Bukrinsky4

  • 1Laboratory of Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

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Certain infections can prime innate immune cells, creating "trained immunity" for enhanced responses to future infections. This study explores HIV

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Infections can induce cross-protection against unrelated pathogens, a phenomenon known as heterologous protection.
  • Innate immune cells like NKs, dendritic cells, and monocytes are key to this protective effect.
  • This innate immune memory is termed 'trained immunity' and involves epigenetic reprogramming of immune cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evidence for trained immunity induced by HIV in human monocytes.
  • To discuss the potential mechanisms underlying HIV-induced trained immunity.
  • To examine the implications of trained immunity in the context of HIV-associated co-morbidities.

Main Methods:

  • This is a Hypothesis and Theory article, synthesizing existing research.
  • Focuses on proposed mechanisms involving metabolic pathways and epigenetic changes.
  • Reviews evidence for trained immunity in human monocytes.

Main Results:

  • Trained immunity involves 'priming' of innate immune cells for enhanced responses.
  • Mechanisms proposed include metabolic pathway activation leading to epigenetic modifications.
  • Innate immune memory can result in either enhanced responses or tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • HIV infection may induce trained immunity in human monocytes.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing HIV-associated co-morbidities.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate HIV-induced trained immunity.