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Bias in PM2.5 measurements using collocated reference-grade and optical instruments.

Meenakshi Kushwaha1, V Sreekanth2, Adithi R Upadhya1

  • 1ILK Labs, Bengaluru, 560046, India.

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|July 25, 2022
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Summary

Optical PM2.5 monitors show high precision but significant bias compared to reference devices. Local, model-specific calibration is crucial for accurate air quality monitoring.

Keywords:
Bengaluru, IndiaBeta attenuation monitorDustTrakLight scatteringLocal calibration

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Air Quality Monitoring

Background:

  • Optical PM2.5 measurement devices are sensitive to varying aerosol properties.
  • Reference-grade instruments like beta attenuation monitors (BAMs) provide a benchmark for comparison.
  • Understanding discrepancies between optical and reference PM2.5 measurements is vital for accurate air quality assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare PM2.5 measurements from collocated optical instruments (DustTrak II, DRX) and reference-grade BAMs over six months.
  • To evaluate inter-model, intra-model, and inter-type instrument performance under ambient conditions.
  • To assess the effectiveness of humidity correction methods for optical PM2.5 monitors.

Main Methods:

  • Collocated optical (DustTrak II, DustTrak DRX) and reference-grade (BAM) PM2.5 monitors were deployed for six months.
  • Inter-model, intra-model, and inter-type comparisons were conducted.
  • Normalized Root Square Difference (NRMSD) and Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) were calculated.
  • Two humidity correction methods were explored to address bias in optical measurements.

Main Results:

  • Averaged PM2.5 concentrations: DustTrak II (46.0, 45.5 μg/m³), DRX (29.8, 38.4 μg/m³), BAMs (18.3, 19.0 μg/m³).
  • Intra-model precision: DustTrak II (~5% NRMSD), DRX (~27% NRMSD), BAMs (~15% NRMSD).
  • Optical instruments showed significant bias relative to BAMs (NRMSE ~165% for DustTrak II, ~74% for DRX without correction).
  • Humidity correction improved DRX NRMSE to ~27% when combined with BAM correction.
  • Different correction methods yielded results differing by ~50%.

Conclusions:

  • Optical PM2.5 instruments demonstrate high precision but exhibit substantial bias compared to reference-grade BAMs.
  • Literature-derived calibration equations may not be universally applicable, necessitating local, model-specific calibration.
  • This study provides valuable insights into the performance of optical PM2.5 monitors and the challenges in achieving accurate air quality data.