Anode electrolysis of sulfides

Traditional sulfide metallurgy produces harmful sulfur dioxide and is energy intensive. To this end, we develop an anode electrolysis approach in molten salt by which sulfide is electrochemically split into sulfur gas at a graphite inert anode while releasing metal ions that diffuse toward and are deposited at the cathode. The anodic splitting dictates the "sulfide-to-metal ion and sulfur gas" conversion that makes the reaction recur continuously. Using this approach, Cu₂S is converted to sulfur gas and Cu in molten LiCl-KCl at 500 °C with a current efficiency of 99% and energy consumption of 0.420 kWh/kg^-Cu (only considering the electricity for electrolysis). Besides Cu₂S, the anode electrolysis can extract Cu from Cu matte that is an intermediate product from the traditional sulfide smelting process. More broadly, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Sb are extracted from FeS, CuFeS₂, NiS, PbS, and Sb₂S₃, providing a general electrochemical method for sulfide metallurgy.