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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Tumor Transplantation for Assessing the Dynamics of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells in Mice
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Regulatory T-cell development in the tumor microenvironment.

Kota Itahashi1, Takuma Irie1, Hiroyoshi Nishikawa1,2

  • 1Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.

European Journal of Immunology
|July 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain self-tolerance but promote tumor growth by suppressing antitumor immunity. Selective deletion of tumor-infiltrating Treg cells is crucial for effective cancer therapies without causing autoimmunity.

Keywords:
immunotherapyregulatory T cellstumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity.
  • Conversely, Treg cells infiltrate tumors, suppressing anti-tumor immune responses and fostering cancer progression.
  • Understanding Treg cell heterogeneity is vital for developing targeted cancer immunotherapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the classification and function of Treg cells.
  • To summarize current knowledge on Treg cell activation and differentiation within the tumor microenvironment.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting tumor-infiltrating Treg cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Treg cell biology.
  • Analysis of recent advancements in sequencing technologies for Treg cell characterization.
  • Synthesis of data on Treg cell roles in cancer immunology.

Main Results:

  • Treg cells exhibit diverse phenotypes and functions, particularly within tumors.
  • Tumor microenvironment influences Treg cell activation and differentiation pathways.
  • Selective targeting of tumor Treg cells offers a promising strategy for enhancing anti-cancer immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting tumor-infiltrating Treg cells is a key strategy for effective cancer immunotherapy.
  • Further research into Treg cell heterogeneity is needed to optimize therapeutic approaches.
  • Balancing Treg cell depletion in tumors while preserving systemic immune tolerance remains a challenge.