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Electrical Conductivity01:13

Electrical Conductivity

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In perfect conductors, the electric field inside is always zero due to the abundance of free electrons, which nullify any field by flowing. As a result, any residual charge resides on the surface.
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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
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Some materials may easily let electrical charges pass through them, while others obstruct their flow. The former are called conductors and the latter insulators. The atomic structures of materials determine whether they are conductors or insulators of electricity.
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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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The Earth is a good conductor of electricity, and it is so big that it can be considered an infinite source or sink of charges. It can easily exchange charges with any matter.
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A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires
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Stretchable Ionic Conductors for Soft Electronics.

Wenwen Niu1, Xiaokong Liu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|July 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stretchable ionic conductors, crucial for soft electronics in the Internet of Everything (IoE), are reviewed. This summary covers their design, fabrication, properties, and applications, highlighting future directions for high-performance materials.

Keywords:
elastomershydrogelsionic conductorsionogelssoft electronics

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Soft electronics and the Internet of Everything (IoE) demand advanced stretchable electrical conductors.
  • Stretchable conductors are classified into electronic and ionic types.
  • Ionic conductors, embedding mobile ions in polymer networks, offer intrinsic stretchability and conductivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review achievements in stretchable ionic conductors.
  • To discuss design, fabrication, properties, and applications of various categories.
  • To provide outlooks on challenges and future development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of stretchable ionic conductors.
  • Categorization based on material types (hydrogels, ionogels, elastomers).
  • Analysis of design principles, fabrication techniques, and performance metrics.

Main Results:

  • Summary of diverse stretchable ionic conductor categories.
  • Discussion of advantages and limitations of each type.
  • Identification of key research trends and application potentials.

Conclusions:

  • Stretchable ionic conductors are vital for IoE-enabled soft electronics.
  • Further research is needed to overcome limitations and enhance performance.
  • This review inspires the development of next-generation stretchable ionic conductors.