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Arctic methylmercury cycling.

Sofi Jonsson1, Michelle Nerentorp Mastromonaco2, Feiyue Wang3

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Anthropogenic mercury (Hg) transforms into methylmercury (MeHg) in the Arctic, impacting wildlife and inhabitants. Biogeochemical processes control MeHg

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Arctic Biogeochemistry
  • Mercury Contamination

Background:

  • Long-range transport delivers anthropogenic mercury (Hg) to the Arctic.
  • Hg transforms into methylmercury (MeHg), posing exposure risks to Arctic ecosystems and inhabitants.
  • Arctic biogeochemical and ecological processes critically influence MeHg bioavailability and bioaccumulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a new budget for MeHg pools and fluxes in the Arctic.
  • To review scientific advancements in understanding Hg exposure pathways in the Arctic over the last decade.
  • To highlight key processes affecting the fate of anthropogenic Hg in Arctic environments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on Arctic mercury cycling.
  • Analysis of MeHg pools and fluxes.
  • Identification of methylation hotspots and MeHg enrichment zones.

Main Results:

  • Methylation and demethylation are key processes controlling MeHg availability.
  • Hg methylation occurs in diverse Arctic environments (permafrost, sediments, ocean) primarily by microorganisms.
  • Shallow sub-surface MeHg enrichment in the Arctic Ocean may explain high MeHg concentrations in biota.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial methylation, particularly in terrestrial environments like thermokarst wetlands, is a significant MeHg source.
  • Understanding MeHg's fate requires considering microbial processes, environmental conditions, and trophic transfer.
  • Further research is needed to clarify MeHg formation in oxic marine waters.