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Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo cycles of catastrophe and rescue. The microtubules play a central role in cell division by forming the spindle apparatus for segregating the chromosomes. This makes them ideal targets for regulating dividing cells in tumors and malignant cancer cells. Microtubule stabilizing drugs help stabilize the microtubule formation and promote its polymerization. Paclitaxel was the first microtubule stabilizing agent used as anticancer drug in chemotherapy...
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Body tissues, comprising approximately 40% of the body weight, are crucial in drug distribution and localization. These tissues can serve as drug storage sites, competing with plasma binding sites for drug molecules.
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Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
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Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Live Imaging to Study Microtubule Dynamic Instability in Taxane-resistant Breast Cancers
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Sex Differences in Taxane Toxicities.

Nicole N Chmielewski1, Charles L Limoli1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.

Cancers
|July 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Taxanes are common cancer drugs, but their effects differ between sexes. This review highlights sex-specific mechanisms and outcomes to improve personalized chemotherapy.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Sex Differences in Medicine

Background:

  • Taxanes are widely used microtubule poisons and chemotherapeutics.
  • Limited research exists on sex-specific mechanisms and toxicities of taxanes.
  • Clinically observed sex-differences in taxane toxicities impact cancer patients disproportionately.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize pre-clinical and clinical literature on taxane-induced sex-specific effects.
  • To highlight uncharacterized sex-dependent mechanisms of action and clinical outcomes.
  • To provide a foundation for sex-specific personalized chemotherapy strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of paclitaxel and taxane oncology studies.
  • Examination of sex-discrepancies in taxane efficacy and toxicity.
Keywords:
chemotherapypaclitaxelsex differencestaxanes

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  • Analysis of basic and clinical data on sex dimorphisms in taxane effects.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified significant sex-discrepancies in taxane mechanisms of action and toxicity.
    • Highlighted under-researched areas of sex-dependent taxane effects.
    • Summarized current knowledge on sex dimorphisms in taxane-induced outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding sex as a biological variable is crucial for advancing cancer treatment.
    • Sex-specific insights can improve personalized chemotherapy and cancer care.
    • This review serves as a starting point for future research into sex-tailored taxane therapies.