Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...

Types of Toxins

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Integrative Analysis of Glycosylation-Related Genes Reveals Prognostic Subtypes, Immune Evasion, and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Oncology research·2026

Same author

Multi-omics profiling identifies ACP2 as a lysosome-associated biomarker linked to immune dynamics and clinical outcomes in glioma.

Computational biology and chemistry·2026

Same author

Phase-Dependent MoS<sub>2</sub> Nanosheets-Embedded Urinary Catheter for Advanced Photothermal Sterilization.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Same author

Development and validation of a prognostic model incorporating the blood urea nitrogen-to-albumin ratio for predicting mortality in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection.

BMC infectious diseases·2026

Same author

Integrative Multi-Omics and Single-Cell Analysis Reveal THOC3 and THOC7 as Oncogenic RNA Processing Regulators in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

International journal of medical sciences·2026

Same author

Single-cell transcriptomics reveal PRRC1 as a malignant cell enriched driver of DNA repair and therapy resistance in glioblastoma.

DNA repair·2026

Same journal

RETRACTED: Kim et al. The Angiogenesis Inhibitor ALS-L1023 from Lemon-Balm Leaves Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through Regulating the Visceral Adipose-Tissue Function. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2017, <i>18</i>, 846.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Same journal

Correction: Mahmud et al. Thymoquinone Attenuates NF-κβ Signalling Activation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells Under AMD-Mimicking Conditions. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2025, <i>26</i>, 11473.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Same journal

Correction: Borovikov et al. The Twisting and Untwisting of Actin and Tropomyosin Filaments Are Involved in the Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction, and Their Disruption Can Result in Muscle Disorders. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci</i>. 2025, <i>26</i>, 6705.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Same journal

Correction: Molagoda et al. Flavonoid Glycosides from <i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> var. <i>inermis</i> (Bunge) Rehder Seeds Inhibit α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone-Mediated Melanogenesis. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2021, <i>22</i>, 7701.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Same journal

Correction: Guo et al. Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Maize Roots Under Lead Stress. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2024, <i>25</i>, 6050.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

Same journal

Correction: Chang et al. Improvement of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Hepatic Failure by Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Without Reprogramming Factor c-Myc. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2012, <i>13</i>, 3598-3617.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

A Silver Nanoparticle Method for Ameliorating Biliary Atresia Syndrome in Mice

A Silver Nanoparticle Method for Ameliorating Biliary Atresia Syndrome in Mice

Published on: October 13, 2018

Toxicologic Concerns with Current Medical Nanoparticles.

Tsai-Mu Cheng^1,2, Hsiu-Yi Chu¹, Haw-Ming Huang³

¹Graduate Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|July 27, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Nanoparticle (NP) characteristics like shape and surface chemistry significantly influence cellular responses and toxicity in nanomedicine. Understanding these factors is crucial for safe and effective nanomaterial applications.

Keywords:

cytotoxicity ingestion inhalation medical applications nanoparticles nanotoxicity

More Related Videos

Ameliorating Osteoarthritis in Mice Using Silver Nanoparticles

Ameliorating Osteoarthritis in Mice Using Silver Nanoparticles

Published on: June 2, 2023

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces In Vitro

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces In Vitro

Published on: April 21, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 3, 2025

A Silver Nanoparticle Method for Ameliorating Biliary Atresia Syndrome in Mice

A Silver Nanoparticle Method for Ameliorating Biliary Atresia Syndrome in Mice

Published on: October 13, 2018

Ameliorating Osteoarthritis in Mice Using Silver Nanoparticles

Ameliorating Osteoarthritis in Mice Using Silver Nanoparticles

Published on: June 2, 2023

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces In Vitro

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces In Vitro

Published on: April 21, 2023

Area of Science:

Nanotechnology
Nanomedicine
Nanotoxicology

Background:

Nanoparticles (NPs), materials sized 1-100 nm, are key in technological advancements.
NP characteristics including composition, surface chemistry, charge, and shape critically impact cellular interactions and toxicity.
The physiological response of cells varies significantly with changes in nanoparticle shape.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the effects of nanoparticles on nanomedicine applications.
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying nanomaterial-induced cytotoxicities.
To emphasize the distribution and adverse effects of various NPs in organs.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on nanoparticle characteristics and their biological impact.
Analysis of studies detailing nanomaterial-induced toxicity mechanisms.
Examination of research on NP biodistribution and organ-specific adverse effects.

Main Results:

NP shape, composition, surface chemistry, and charge are critical determinants of biological effects.
Diverse mechanisms of nanomaterial cytotoxicity have been identified.
Specific NPs exhibit distinct organ distributions and associated adverse effects.

Conclusions:

Understanding NP properties is essential for advancing nanomedicine and nanotoxicology.
Detailed knowledge of NP-cell interactions informs the development of safer nanomaterials.
This review offers insights for researchers in nano(bio)technology, nanomedicine, and nanotoxicology.