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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of the Cardiovascular System01:27

Regulation of the Cardiovascular System

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The regulation of the cardiovascular system allows the body to adapt to various demands and maintain homeostasis.
The regulation of the cardiovascular system involves the autonomic nervous system (ANS), baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors, ensuring that heart rate and blood pressure are appropriately modulated in response to varying physiological demands.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system enhances...
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Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart...
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Overview of the Vascular System01:20

Overview of the Vascular System

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The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...
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Regulation of Heart Rates01:31

Regulation of Heart Rates

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The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
The SNS increases heart rate through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which act on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. This action increases the rate of depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart's...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

En Face Endocardial Cushion Preparation for Planar Morphogenesis Analysis in Mouse Embryos
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En Face Endocardial Cushion Preparation for Planar Morphogenesis Analysis in Mouse Embryos

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PAX Genes in Cardiovascular Development.

Rebecca E Steele1, Rachel Sanders1, Helen M Phillips1

  • 1Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|July 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pax transcription factors are essential for normal heart development. Studies show that altering Pax3 and Pax9 genes in mice leads to cardiovascular defects, highlighting their crucial role in regulating heart and major artery formation.

Keywords:
Pax3Pax9cardiovascular development

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The mammalian heart develops through complex genetic networks, with outflow tract septation crucial for separating the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
  • Congenital heart defects, often linked to impaired oxygenated blood delivery, represent a significant cause of mortality and morbidity.
  • The Pax transcription factor family, known for its conserved paired box and DNA-binding domains, plays a vital role in organogenesis, including cardiovascular development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Pax transcription factors in cardiovascular morphogenesis.
  • To explore the impact of Pax gene alterations on the development of the heart and major arteries.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of studies involving alterations in Pax3 and Pax9 gene expression in murine models.
  • Observation of resulting cardiovascular patterning abnormalities.

Main Results:

  • Alterations in Pax3 and Pax9 expression in mice resulted in various cardiovascular abnormalities.
  • Observed defects included interruption of the aortic arch and common arterial trunk.

Conclusions:

  • Pax genes, specifically Pax3 and Pax9, are critical regulators in the genetic networks governing cardiovascular development.
  • Dysregulation of these Pax genes can lead to severe congenital heart defects, impacting outflow tract septation and major artery formation.