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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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Human Chorionic Villous Differentiation and Placental Development.

Junya Kojima1, Masanori Ono1, Naoaki Kuji1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|July 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Early human placental villous differentiation is crucial for pregnancy and fetal well-being. Studying this process, even using stem cells, may reveal causes of perinatal diseases like fetal growth retardation.

Keywords:
fetal growth retardationgestational diabeteshypertensive disorders of pregnancyiPS cellsplacentapregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • The placenta is the sole connection between mother and fetus, vital for pregnancy establishment, fetal development, maternal adaptation, and immune tolerance.
  • Placental development involves rapid, dynamic differentiation of extra-embryonic tissues, primarily trophoblasts, into villi, stromal cells, macrophages, and fetal endothelial cells (FEC).
  • Disruptions in placental differentiation are linked to perinatal conditions such as fetal growth retardation (FGR), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), and miscarriage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize and correlate findings on early human chorionic villous differentiation.
  • To explore the relationship between early villous differentiation and clinical perinatal diseases.
  • To discuss the potential of using in vitro models for studying placental development and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review and correlation of existing literature on early villous differentiation.
  • Analysis of studies utilizing human embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells for artificial induction of villous differentiation.
  • Discussion of the challenges and limitations of in vivo and animal model studies for human placental development.

Main Results:

  • Early villous differentiation is challenging to study in vivo due to small tissue size and species-specific variations.
  • Artificial induction of early villous differentiation using human ES/iPS cells has successfully produced normally differentiated villi.
  • These in vitro models offer a viable platform for interventional and invasive research.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding early villous differentiation is critical for elucidating the causes of perinatal diseases.
  • In vitro models using human stem cells provide a promising approach for studying placental development and identifying novel therapeutic targets.
  • Further research into early placental development holds potential for improving management and treatment of pregnancy complications.