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Updated: Sep 3, 2025

An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery
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Impact of Local Anesthetics on Cancer Behavior and Outcome during the Perioperative Period: A Review

Alain Borgeat1, José Aguirre1,2

  • 1Balgrist Campus, University of Zurich, Lengghalde 5, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
|July 27, 2022
PubMed

Keywords:
cancer recurrencelocal anestheticsmetastases

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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