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Updated: Sep 3, 2025

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
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First Hard X-Ray Imaging Results by Solar Orbiter STIX.

Paolo Massa1, Andrea F Battaglia2,3, Anna Volpara1

  • 1MIDA, Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Genova, via Dodecaneso 35, 16146 Genova, Italy.

Solar Physics
|July 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) instrument on Solar Orbiter can now produce hard X-ray images of solar flares. Multiple imaging methods confirm robust and consistent results, enabling new scientific data exploitation.

Keywords:
Instrumentation and data managementIntegrated Sun observationsSpectrum, X-ray

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Area of Science:

  • * Solar Physics
  • * Astrophysics
  • * Space Instrumentation

Background:

  • * The Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) is a key instrument on the Solar Orbiter mission.
  • * STIX utilizes an indirect imaging technique based on measuring angular Fourier components (visibilities) of solar flare X-ray sources.
  • * The primary challenge for STIX is the Fourier inversion of measured visibility data to reconstruct flare images.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To assess the calibration quality of STIX sub-collimators for scientific data exploitation.
  • * To demonstrate the capability of various imaging methods to produce hard X-ray images of solar flares.
  • * To validate the robustness and consistency of reconstructed flare images using multiple techniques.

Main Methods:

  • * Calibration and analysis of visibility amplitude and phase data from 24 out of 30 STIX sub-collimators.
  • * Application of four visibility-based and one count-based image reconstruction methods to STIX data.
  • * Comparison of reconstructed images with those from an optimization algorithm and SDO/AIA UV data.

Main Results:

  • * Visibility amplitude and phase calibration for 24 STIX sub-collimators is satisfactory for scientific use.
  • * Multiple imaging methods successfully generated the first hard X-ray images of solar flares from STIX.
  • * Reconstructed images showed morphological consistency with SDO/AIA UV observations.

Conclusions:

  • * The calibration and imaging capabilities of STIX are adequate for scientific data exploitation.
  • * The applied imaging methods provide robust and comparable results for solar flare reconstruction.
  • * STIX is poised to deliver novel insights into solar flare physics through hard X-ray imaging.