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Endogenous Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) in Military Professionals with a Special Emphasis on
Ewelina Maculewicz1, Agata Pabin2, Krzysztof Kowalczuk2
1Faculty of Physical Education, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland.
Insights
Military personnel, especially pilots, face high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks. Novel biomarkers are crucial for early detection and preventive strategies to maintain health and military readiness.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology and Military Medicine
- Occupational Health
Background:
- Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) present significant health challenges, with risk factors categorized as non-modifiable and modifiable.
- Military personnel exhibit increased CVD prevalence due to unique occupational stressors.
- Military pilots represent a high-risk subpopulation due to accumulated physical and psychological stressors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in military professionals, focusing on pilots and crew members.
- To explore the utility of novel biomarkers for early CVD risk assessment.
- To emphasize the importance of early preventive measures for military personnel.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing data on CVD risk factors in military populations.
- Discussion of novel biomarkers including oxidative stress, inflammation, hormonal status, and genetic factors.
- Analysis of the specific stressors impacting military pilots and crew.
Main Results:
- Military-related stressors are strongly linked to acute cardiac events.
- Novel biomarkers show promise for identifying CVD risk in asymptomatic soldiers.
- Early identification of at-risk individuals enables targeted preventive interventions.
Conclusions:
- Enhanced cardiovascular risk assessment using novel biomarkers is essential for asymptomatic military personnel.
- Proactive identification and management of CVD risk factors can improve long-term health and military suitability.
- Special attention to military pilots and crew is warranted due to their elevated risk profile.
Abstract:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors can be categorized as non-modifiable and modifiable. Modifiable risk factors include some exogenous and behavioral factors that can be easily modified, whereas endogenous modifiable risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, or obesity may be modified to a limited extend. An increased prevalence of CVDs as well as their risk factors have been observed in military personnel, as specific military-related stressors are highly correlated with acute cardiac disorders. Military pilots are a subpopulation with great CVD risk due to an accumulation of different psychological and physical stressors also considered to be CVD risk factors. This review presents data concerning CVD risk in military professionals, with a special emphasis on military pilots and crew members. We also discuss the usefulness of novel indicators related to oxidative stress, inflammation, or hormonal status as well as genetic factors as markers of CVD risk. For a correct and early estimation of CVD risk in asymptomatic soldiers, especially if no environmental risk factors coexist, the scope of performed tests should be increased with novel biomarkers. An indication of risk group among military professional, especially military pilots, enables the implementation the early preventive activities, which will prolong their state of health and military suitability.
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