Plasma-Assisted Fabrication of Molecularly Imprinted NiAl-LDH Layer on Ni Nanorod Arrays for Glyphosate Detection

An inorganic-framework molecularly imprinted NiAl layered double hydroxide (MI-NiAl-LDH) with specific template molecule (glyphosate pesticide, Glyp) recognition ability was prepared on Ni nanorod arrays (Ni NRAs) through electrodeposition followed by a low-temperature O₂ plasma treatment. The freestanding Ni/MI-NiAl-LDH NRA electrode had highly enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. The electrocatalytic oxidation of Glyp was proposed to occur at Ni³⁺ centers in MI-NiAl-LDH, and the current response depended linearly on the Glyp concentration from 10.0 nmol/L to 1.0 μmol/L (R² = 0.9906), with the limit of detection (LOD) being 3.1 nmol/L (S/N = 3). An exceptional discriminating capability with tolerance for other similar organophosphorus compounds was achieved. Molecular imprinting (N and P residues) affected the electronic structure of NiAl-LDH, triggering the formation of highly active NiOOH sites at relatively lower anodic potentials and substantially enhancing the electrocatalytic oxidation ability of the NiAl-LDH interface toward the C-N bonds in Glyp. In combination with the surface enrichment effect of MI-NiAl-LDH toward template molecules, the electrochemical oxidation signal intensity of Glyp increased significantly, with a greater peak separation from interfering molecules. These results challenge the common belief that the excellent performance of inorganic-framework molecularly imprinted interfaces arises from their specific adsorption of template molecules, providing new insight into the development of high-performance organic-pollutant-sensing electrodes.