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Plant Breeding and Biotechnology

Plant Breeding and Biotechnology

Crop cultivation has a long history in human civilization, with records showing the cultivation of cereal plants beginning at around 8000 BC. This early plant breeding was developed primarily to provide a steady supply of food.

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...

Epistasis Analysis

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...

Light Acquisition

Light Acquisition

In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.

Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of Plant–Environment Interactions

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of Plant–Environment Interactions

Published on: August 5, 2020

Challenges for a Massive Implementation of Phenomics in Plant Breeding Programs.

Gustavo A Lobos¹, Félix Estrada², Alejandro Del Pozo²

¹Plant Breeding and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile. globosp@utalca.cl.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|July 27, 2022

Summary

Developing climate-resilient crops requires faster breeding cycles. High-throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) and advanced data analysis are crucial for selecting superior genotypes and understanding plant traits for improved crop development.

Keywords:

Breeding HTPP Phenomics

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Area of Science:

Plant breeding and genetics
Agricultural science
Bioinformatics

Background:

Climate change necessitates developing crops with enhanced environmental stress tolerance and reduced breeding cycle times.
Traditional phenotyping methods are insufficient for large-scale genotype screening under field conditions.
Incorporating morphophysiological and physicochemical traits is vital for selecting adapted cultivars.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the necessity of high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) for efficient data collection in plant breeding.
To emphasize the importance of phenomics for objective genotype selection (forward phenomics) and trait discovery (reverse phenomics).
To propose the integration of new methodologies, environmental data, and data fusion for advanced phenomic modeling.

Main Methods:

Utilizing high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) for rapid data acquisition.
Transforming raw data (e.g., plant reflectance) into breeder-relevant descriptors.
Developing prediction/validation methodologies and fusing genotypic and phenotypic data matrices.

Main Results:

HTPP enables rapid collection of significant phenotypic data.
Phenomics allows for holistic plant characterization in challenging environments.
Data fusion and advanced modeling are key to overcoming current phenomic limitations.

Conclusions:

Implementing phenomics in plant breeding requires interdisciplinary teams and advanced methodologies.
Breeding programs must become more efficient, shorten cycles, and increase success rates.
Objective genotype selection and understanding trait variation are critical for future crop adaptation.