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Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds
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India's Riverine Nitrogen Runoff Strongly Impacted by Monsoon Variability.

Eva Sinha1,2, Anna M Michalak1,2, Venkatramani Balaji3

  • 1Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|July 27, 2022
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Indian rivers show high nitrogen pollution variability, primarily driven by rainfall patterns, not fertilizer use. Future climate change may worsen river nitrogen runoff.

Keywords:
Indian monsoonagricultural intensificationclimate variabilitydissolved inorganic nitrogen loading

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrology
  • Water Quality

Background:

  • Agricultural intensification in India has led to increased nitrogen pollution, impacting water quality.
  • The pathways of reactive nitrogen and long-term riverine flux data are poorly understood, hindering effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the seasonal, annual, and regional variability of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) fluxes in seven major Indian river basins from 1981 to 2014.
  • To identify the key drivers of this variability, particularly in relation to precipitation and agricultural practices.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and river discharge data spanning 34 years (1981-2014).
  • Employed statistical analysis to characterize seasonal, interannual, and regional patterns of DIN fluxes.
  • Correlated nitrogen fluxes with precipitation data and fertilizer application rates.

Main Results:

  • Significant seasonal and interannual variability in nitrogen runoff was observed, with 68-94% of DIN fluxes occurring between June and October.
  • Annual precipitation was the primary driver, explaining 52% of the variability in regional and interannual DIN fluxes.
  • Little correlation was found between rising fertilizer rates and riverine nitrogen runoff in most basins, suggesting other nitrogen pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Riverine nitrogen runoff in India is highly sensitive to precipitation variability and monsoon intensification.
  • Projected climate change impacts on rainfall pose a significant risk to water quality through increased nitrogen runoff.
  • The influence of ongoing agricultural intensification on riverine nitrogen loads remains uncertain, highlighting the need for further research.