Inflammasomes-New Contributors to Blood Diseases

Inflammasomes are intracellular multimeric complexes that cleave the precursors of the IL-1 family of cytokines and various proteins, found predominantly in cells of hematopoietic origin. They consist of pattern-recognition receptors, adaptor domains, and the enzymatic caspase-1 domain. Inflammasomes become activated upon stimulation by various exogenous and endogenous agents, subsequently promoting and enhancing inflammatory responses. To date, their function has been associated with numerous pathologies. Most recently, many studies have focused on inflammasomes' contribution to hematological diseases. Due to aberrant expression levels, NLRP3, NLRP1, and NLRC4 inflammasomes were indicated as predominantly involved. The NLRP3 inflammasome correlated with the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, multiple myeloma, acute myeloid leukemia, lymphoid leukemias, myelodysplastic neoplasms, graft-versus-host-disease, and sickle cell anemia. The NLRP1 inflammasome was associated with myeloma and chronic myeloid leukemia, whereas NLRC4 was associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Moreover, specific gene variants of the inflammasomes were linked to disease susceptibility. Despite the incomplete understanding of these correlations and the lack of definite conclusions regarding the therapeutic utility of inflammasome inhibitors, the available results provide a valuable basis for clinical applications and precede upcoming breakthroughs in the field of innovative treatments. This review summarizes the latest knowledge on inflammasomes in hematological diseases, indicates the potential limitations of the current research approaches, and presents future perspectives.