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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods01:19

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

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In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
In the Volhard method, a standard excess of AgNO3 is first added to the...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Inductive Reasoning00:59

Inductive Reasoning

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Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.
Inductive reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist makes observations and records them. This data can be qualitative or...
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Precipitation Titration: Overview01:26

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Precipitation titration involves the reaction of a titrant and an analyte to generate an insoluble precipitate. While precipitation titration uses various precipitating agents, silver nitrate is the most common precipitating reagent; titrations involving Ag+ are called argentometric titrations. Usually, the endpoint in a precipitation titration can be detected by visual indicators.
A precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of the titrant or analyte upon adding the...
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Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis01:21

Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis

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The precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of one reactant with the volume of titrant added. During the titration of chloride ions with silver nitrate, the precipitation titration curve is divided into three regions: before, at, and after the equivalence point. Before the equivalence point, low redissolution of the sparingly soluble silver chloride precipitate gives a low silver ion concentration. However, in the second region, representing the equivalence point,...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils
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Development of an Inductive Rain Gauge.

Christoph Clemens1, Annette Jobst1, Mario Radschun1

  • 1Institute for Measurement Engineering and Sensor Technology, Ruhr West University of Applied Sciences, 45479 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new inductive rain gauge uses an eddy current principle to detect and categorize raindrops by their size. This low-cost, self-sufficient sensor is crucial for dense urban weather monitoring and smart city initiatives.

Keywords:
LoRaWANeddy currentinternet of thingsrain gaugesmart sensor

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Sensor Technology
  • Smart City Development

Background:

  • Urban flooding due to heavy rainfall poses significant risks, including blocked infrastructure and delayed emergency services.
  • High-resolution, site-specific weather data is essential for effective urban flood management.
  • Existing weather monitoring networks often lack the density required for detailed urban rainfall analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the development status of a novel inductive rain gauge.
  • To enable high-resolution, area-wide rainfall monitoring in urban environments.
  • To provide a cost-effective and flexible solution for dense weather data collection.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a low-cost inductive rain gauge based on the eddy current principle.
  • The sensor utilizes a resonant electrical circuit with a coil beneath an oscillating metal plate.
  • Raindrop impacts on the plate alter the coil-to-plate distance, changing the circuit's frequency.

Main Results:

  • The inductive rain gauge successfully detects and categorizes raindrops based on their size.
  • Frequency shifts correlate with droplet size, with small droplets causing ~8 kHz shifts and larger ones up to ~40 kHz.
  • The sensor operates self-sufficiently and transmits data wirelessly via LoRaWAN.

Conclusions:

  • The inductive rain gauge demonstrates a viable principle for detecting and differentiating raindrop sizes.
  • This technology can support the creation of dense, flexible urban weather monitoring networks.
  • Further research will utilize these measurements for precipitation calculations, advancing smart city capabilities.