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Related Concept Videos

Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
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Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

245
Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
245
Reclosers and Fuses01:26

Reclosers and Fuses

157
Automatic circuit reclosers enhance the protection of distribution circuits by interrupting and auto-reclosing an AC circuit according to a preset sequence. They effectively manage temporary faults on overhead distribution lines, often caused by tree limbs or wildlife, by briefly disrupting service to improve overall reliability. However, contact with reclosers or energized broken conductors on the ground can pose serious hazards.
A comprehensive protection scheme for radial distribution...
157
Radial System Protection01:23

Radial System Protection

143
Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
In a radial system with a fault downstream of the third breaker, ideally, only the third breaker will open, isolating the fault and interrupting the load connected beyond it. The second breaker has a longer delay setting,...
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Covert Performance for Integrated Satellite Multiple Terrestrial Relay Networks with Partial Relay Selection.

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This study explores covert communication in integrated satellite-terrestrial networks (ISMTRN). Researchers analyzed partial relay selection to enhance secure data transmission and derived key performance metrics.

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Area of Science:

  • Communications Engineering
  • Network Security
  • Satellite Communications

Background:

  • Integrated Satellite-Multiple Terrestrial Relay Networks (ISMTRN) combine satellite and terrestrial systems, offering enhanced coverage and efficiency.
  • Security vulnerabilities arise in ISMTRN due to wide satellite beam coverage and open wireless communication channels.
  • Covert communication technology is a promising solution for secure data transmission in such networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the performance of covert communication within an ISMTRN framework.
  • To analyze the impact of partial relay selection on the security and efficiency of covert transmissions.
  • To derive analytical expressions for system performance metrics.

Main Methods:

  • Developing a theoretical model for covert communication in ISMTRN with partial relay selection.
  • Analyzing scenarios where a selected relay transmits covert information opportunistically.
  • Deriving closed-form expressions for error detection probability and average covert communication rate.

Main Results:

  • The study provides closed-form derivations for error detection probability and average covert communication rate.
  • Numerical simulations demonstrate the influence of key system parameters on covert performance.
  • The effectiveness of partial relay selection in enhancing covert communication is highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • Partial relay selection is a viable strategy for improving covert communication performance in ISMTRN.
  • The derived performance metrics offer valuable insights for designing secure integrated networks.
  • Further research can explore advanced relaying strategies and different security threats in ISMTRN.