Controls of Geochemical and Hydrogeochemical Factors on Arsenic Mobility in the Hetao Basin, China

High arsenic (As) groundwater is frequently found in inland basins, but little is known about As pools in sediments and their influences on aqueous As distributions. The Hetao Basin is a typical inland basin, where groundwater As concentrations generally increase from alluvial fans to flat plain. Two sites are only 1700 m apart, but groundwater As concentrations at the depth range of 15 to 80 m are quite different, ranging from 7.0 to 31.7 μg/L at site B1 and from 5.2 to 99.8 μg/L at site B2. Sediment geochemistry and groundwater hydrochemistry at two sites were characterized. No distinct differences were observed in the bulk geochemistry of sediments. Sequential extractions of 39 sediments were conducted to determine why As was easily released to groundwater at one site and not the other. Results showed that at site B1 most of solid As was associated with amorphous Fe-(oxyhydr)oxides, whereas at site B2 the strong adsorption pool dominated. Furthermore, higher dissolved Fe²⁺ and lower ORP in groundwater at site B2 suggested more strongly reducing conditions compared to site B1. High concentrations of NH₄ ⁺ and HCO₃ ^- at site B2 were consistent with As release coupled to microbially induced reductive dissolution of Fe-(oxyhydr)oxides. Other processes, such as the competitive adsorption of HCO₃ ^- , As desorption under weakly alkaline pH conditions, may also influence the partitioning of As between groundwater and sediments. This study highlights the differences in how As is associated with sediments between high and low As aquifers and the contribution of chemical characteristics to As release.