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["Exclusivity" and quantifier float in bakari"Exclusivity" and quantifier float in bakari].

Takashi Otsuka1,2, Ryo Shirakawa3,4, Osamu Hashimoto1

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The Japanese focus particle bakari signifies exclusivity. This study demonstrates that bakari, when used with floating quantifiers, excludes non-applicable cases, confirming its exclusive meaning.

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Semantics
  • Pragmatics

Background:

  • The Japanese focus particle bakari is often described as expressing exclusivity.
  • However, its usage appears to permit non-applicable cases, creating ambiguity regarding its precise semantic function.
  • This apparent contradiction necessitates a closer examination of bakari's interaction with other linguistic elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the semantic meaning of the Japanese focus particle bakari.
  • To investigate the phenomenon of non-applicable cases in conjunction with bakari.
  • To determine whether bakari fundamentally expresses exclusivity, even in complex constructions.

Main Methods:

  • Descriptive linguistic analysis.
  • Examination of bakari's co-occurrence with floating quantifiers.
  • Comparison of objective and subjective sets in relation to quantifier scope.

Main Results:

  • When bakari co-occurs with floating quantifiers, non-applicable cases are excluded from the quantified set.
  • The quantifier scope is restricted to a subjective set, reflecting the speaker's experience.
  • This confirms that bakari's core meaning is indeed exclusivity.

Conclusions:

  • The focus particle bakari consistently represents exclusivity.
  • Non-applicable cases exist outside the scope of bakari's assertion.
  • Floating quantifiers interacting with bakari quantify a speaker-centric, subjective set.