Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
Published on: April 7, 2023
Decline in skeletal muscle mass is associated with cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Serena Low1, Kiat Sern Goh2, Tze Pin Ng3
1Diabetes Centre, Admiralty Medical Centre, Singapore, Block 676, Level 4, Kampung Admiralty, Woodlands Drive 71, Singapore 730676, Singapore; Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, 90 Yishun Central, Singapore 768828, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
Aims:
To examine the longitudinal association between skeletal muscle mass (SMM) loss and cognitive decline over time in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods:
We conducted a prospective cohort study of 453 patients from SMART2D cohort with follow-up intervals of 1.6 to 6.4 years. Baseline and follow-up measurements included bio-impedance analysis (BIA) measure of skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) measure of cognitive function. We examined the association between annual rate of SMI and RBANS scores using linear regression, adjusting for demographics, education, depression, clinical co-variables and presence of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE) Ɛ4 allele.
Results:
The mean age of participants was 60.3 ± 7.4 years. Compared to patients with Tertile 1 SMI change, the group with greater SMI decline (Tertile 3 SMI change) experienced 0.30 decline in RBANS total score (95%CI -0.57 to -0.03; p = 0.030) in the adjusted analysis. RBANS scores for subdomains in immediate memory and visuo-spatial/construction were lower in Tertile 3 SMI change group with corresponding coefficients -0.54 (95%CI -1.01 to -0.06; p = 0.026), and -0.71 (95%CI -1.30 to -0.12; p = 0.019) respectively.
Conclusion:
In patients with T2DM, BIA measure of muscle mass loss over time was independently associated with cognitive decline globally and in the domains of memory and visuo-spatial/construction.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Dementia
The progression of dementia is generally gradual....

