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Related Concept Videos

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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Chronic stress profoundly affects mental health, significantly influencing mood, behavior, and overall quality of life. Research closely links chronic stress with mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Ongoing exposure to stress can lead to physiological and psychological changes, initiating a cycle of emotional distress and maladaptive coping mechanisms.
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Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
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Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
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Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder01:29

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The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Gut-Derived Microbial Metabolites in Freely Moving Mice
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Substance use, microbiome and psychiatric disorders.

Ernest T Chivero1, Susmita Sil2, Mohit Kumar3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0001, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.

Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
|July 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Substance use impacts the gut microbiome, potentially contributing to psychiatric disorders like depression and anxiety. This review explores these connections for new therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
AlcoholAnxietyCocaineDepressionMethamphetamineMicrobiotaNicotineOpioidsPsychosis

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Last Updated: Sep 3, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Substance use is linked to microbiome dysregulation and psychiatric disorders.
  • Abused substances can trigger inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery.
  • The gut microbiome influences CNS homeostasis and behavior via neurotransmitter synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects of common substances of abuse on the gut microbiome.
  • To examine the association between substance use, microbiome alterations, and psychiatric disorders.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for mitigating adverse outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on substance use, microbiome, and psychiatric disorders.
  • Analysis of associative effects of alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and opioids.
  • Synthesis of evidence on impacts on anxiety, depression, and psychosis.

Main Results:

  • Substance use alters gut microbiome composition and function.
  • These alterations are associated with immune dysregulation and CNS inflammation.
  • Interactions between substance use, microbiome, and neurochemistry may drive psychiatric conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the substance use-microbiome-psychiatric disorder axis is crucial.
  • This relationship offers insights into novel therapeutic interventions.
  • Targeting the microbiome may help manage substance use and psychiatric comorbidities.