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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Coacervates: Recent developments as nanostructure delivery platforms for therapeutic biomolecules.

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International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|July 29, 2022
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Coacervates, formed by liquid-liquid phase separation, offer a promising aqueous-based platform for encapsulating and delivering therapeutic biomolecules. While effective in vitro and in vivo, challenges remain in systemic delivery and manufacturing scale-up.

Keywords:
CoacervateCoacervationDrug delivery systemGene deliveryProtein deliveryTherapeutic biomolecules

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Macromolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Coacervation is a liquid-liquid phase separation process involving macromolecules.
  • Biocompatible coacervates are emerging as nanostructure platforms for biomolecule encapsulation and delivery.
  • Unlike traditional systems, coacervates utilize aqueous solutions, preserving biomolecule viability and achieving high loading.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in coacervate applications for therapeutic biomolecule delivery.
  • To identify current limitations and challenges hindering clinical translation.
  • To suggest future research directions for overcoming these hurdles.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on coacervate-based biomolecule delivery.
  • Analysis of factors influencing coacervation (e.g., polyelectrolyte structure, concentration, mixing ratio, pH, ionic strength, temperature).
  • Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo delivery efficacy and limitations.

Main Results:

  • Coacervates demonstrate high loading capacity and maintain cargo viability in aqueous environments.
  • Various coacervate compositions show encouraging therapeutic biomolecule delivery in vitro and in vivo.
  • Significant challenges persist for systemic administration and scalable manufacturing.

Conclusions:

  • Coacervates hold significant potential for drug delivery, particularly for proteins, RNAs, and DNAs.
  • Overcoming limitations in systemic delivery and manufacturing scale-up is crucial for clinical translation.
  • Further research is needed to optimize coacervate formulations and delivery strategies for widespread therapeutic use.