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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Histone Modification02:32

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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Heterochromatin02:38

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Reconstitution of Nucleosomes with Differentially Isotope-labeled Sister Histones
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Asymmetric Histone Inheritance: Establishment, Recognition, and Execution.

Jennifer A Urban1, Rajesh Ranjan1,2, Xin Chen1,2

  • 1Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;

Annual Review of Genetics
|July 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biased histone inheritance creates cellular diversity in stem cells. This process, involving replication, mitosis, and cell division, ensures distinct daughter cells with identical DNA.

Keywords:
DNA replication–coupled histone assemblyepigenetic inheritanceepigenetic memorymitotic drivenonrandom chromatid segregationnucleosome density

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Asymmetric cell division is crucial for generating cellular diversity.
  • Biased histone inheritance was first observed in Drosophila melanogaster male germline stem cells.
  • This mechanism produces two distinct daughter cells with identical genetic material.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare chromatin factors, mitotic machinery, and cell cycle regulators involved in biased histone inheritance.
  • To discuss mechanisms regulating histone inheritance modes.
  • To explore the contribution of biased histone inheritance to cell fate decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation of current knowledge from diverse eukaryotic systems.
  • Comparative analysis of chromatin factors, mitotic machinery, and cell cycle regulators.
  • Discussion of regulatory mechanisms and their impact on cell fate.

Main Results:

  • Biased histone inheritance is proposed to occur in three steps: establishment of asymmetry during replication, recognition during mitosis, and execution in daughter cells.
  • Diverse eukaryotic systems exhibit variations in the extent of asymmetric histone inheritance.
  • Specific chromatin factors, mitotic components, and cell cycle regulators are implicated in each step.

Conclusions:

  • Biased histone inheritance is a widespread mechanism for introducing cellular diversity.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into cell fate determination in multicellular organisms.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the regulatory pathways and functional consequences.