Changing trends in aetiology-based hospitalizations with end-stage liver disease in the United States from 2016 to 2019
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Updated: Sep 3, 2025

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Donghee Kim1, Brandon J Perumpail2, Omar Alshuwaykh1
1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Backgrounds And Aims:
A potent and safe antiviral agent may impact chronic hepatitis C (HCV)-related end-stage liver disease (ESLD). We assess aetiology-based hospitalizations for ESLD in the United States, 2016-2019.
Methods:
We utilized the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2016 to 2019. We defined ESLD as either decompensated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, criteria obtained from the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision.
Results:
National hospitalization rates for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increased significantly from 67.1/100 000 persons in 2016 to 93.6 in 2019 with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of 12.1%, while chronic hepatitis C (HCV) decreased significantly from 71.2/100 000 persons in 2016 to 58.5 in 2019 (-6.5% AAPC). Hospitalizations for ESLD in alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) increased as well.
Conclusions:
Hospitalization rates for NAFLD- and ALD-related ESLD increased steadily, while those for HCV-related ESLD decreased during the direct-acting antivirals era.
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