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Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
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Delay discounting, probability discounting, and interdental cleaning frequency.

Anthony DeFulio1, Mark Rzeszutek2,3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave., Mail Stop 5439, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA. anthony.defulio@wmich.edu.

BMC Oral Health
|July 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary

People who are more sensitive to delayed rewards floss less often. Interventions reducing this delay discounting may improve oral hygiene and other health behaviors.

Keywords:
Behavioral economicsFlossingImpulsivityOral healthPreventive health behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Science
  • Health Psychology
  • Oral Health

Background:

  • Dentists recommend interdental cleaning, yet regular flossing is uncommon.
  • Delayed health benefits are a significant barrier to consistent health behaviors.
  • This study investigates the link between flossing frequency and sensitivity to delayed vs. probabilistic outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between frequency of interdental cleaning (flossing).
  • To assess the association of flossing with delay discounting and probability discounting.

Main Methods:

  • Two crowd-sourced studies (N=584, N=321) were conducted.
  • Participants reported flossing frequency and completed delay and probability discounting tasks.
  • Linear regression analyzed the association between discounting measures and flossing frequency.

Main Results:

  • Higher delay discounting was significantly associated with lower flossing frequency (p < 0.001).
  • Probability discounting showed no significant association with flossing frequency.
  • Delay discounting emerged as a robust predictor of this health behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Interventions targeting delay discounting may enhance interdental cleaning adherence.
  • Delay discounting is a stronger predictor of health behaviors than probability discounting.
  • Interdental cleaning can serve as a model behavior for broader health intervention research.