Carcinogenesis induced by space radiation: A systematic review

Area of Science:

• Space science
• Radiation biology
• Astrobiology

Background:

• Space exploration poses health risks, particularly carcinogenic effects from space radiation.
• Space radiation, characterized by high energy and low dose rates, differs significantly from terrestrial radiation.
• Factors like microgravity and weak magnetic fields complicate the study of space radiation's carcinogenic mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in understanding space radiation's carcinogenic effects and mechanisms.
• To summarize current cancer risk prediction models for space radiation exposure.
• To identify methods for reducing uncertainty in space radiation cancer risk assessment.

Main Methods:

• Review of cellular and animal experiments on space radiation carcinogenicity.
• Analysis of studies on space radiation's effects on cell transformation and carcinogenesis.
• Examination of existing space radiation cancer risk prediction models.

Main Results:

• Evidence confirms the carcinogenicity of space radiation (high-energy protons, heavy ions).
• Unique characteristics of space radiation (high energy, low dose rate) and combined environmental factors present research challenges.
• Significant uncertainty exists in current space radiation cancer risk assessments.

Conclusions:

• Further research is needed to elucidate the complex mechanisms of space radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
• Improved prediction models and risk assessment strategies are essential for astronaut safety.
• Addressing the uncertainties in risk assessment is vital for future long-duration space missions.