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Related Concept Videos

COP Coated Vesicles00:59

COP Coated Vesicles

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

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Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
3.2K
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Rapid, Scalable Assembly and Loading of Bioactive Proteins and Immunostimulants into Diverse Synthetic Nanocarriers Via Flash Nanoprecipitation
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Rapid, Scalable Assembly and Loading of Bioactive Proteins and Immunostimulants into Diverse Synthetic Nanocarriers Via Flash Nanoprecipitation

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Aquasomes: Advanced Vesicular-based Nanocarrier Systems.

Samruddhi Kulkarni1, Bala Prabhakar1, Pravin Shende1

  • 1Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|August 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Aquasomes are unique nanocarriers with a solid core and protective coatings, offering enhanced drug delivery. These nanocarriers show promise for treating diseases like cancer and delivering antigens.

Keywords:
Aquasomesbiodegradationdrug deliverylipid vesiclesnanocarriersvesicular carriers

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Targeted Plasma Membrane Delivery of a Hydrophobic Cargo Encapsulated in a Liquid Crystal Nanoparticle Carrier
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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Aquasomes are novel trilayered, non-lipoidal vesicular nanocarriers.
  • They exhibit structural similarity to ceramic nanoparticles.
  • Aquasomes possess theranostic potential for ovarian cancer and antigen delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the potential of aquasomes over other nanocarriers.
  • To explore aquasomes for treating hemophilia A, cancer, and hepatitis.

Main Methods:

  • Aquasomes utilize surface chemistry modification for cell entry and extended drug release.
  • A solid core provides stability, while oligomeric coatings prevent dehydration.
  • The nanocarrier's large surface area, volume, and mass ratio facilitate cellular penetration and prolonged release.

Main Results:

  • Aquasomes are effective for delivering acid-labile enzymes, antigens, and vaccines.
  • They offer high mechanical strength and stability during storage.
  • Aquasomes demonstrate good body response, facilitating capillary penetration.

Conclusions:

  • Aquasomes represent a promising alternative nanocarrier for insulin, antigen, and oxygen delivery.
  • Aquasomes-based nano-drug delivery systems are a significant area for future nanotechnology research.