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Related Concept Videos

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State

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The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Initially, glycogen stored in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream, while glycogen in the muscles is broken down to supply glucose for energy directly within the muscle cells. As glycogen stores diminish,...
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Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State01:25

Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State

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During the absorptive state, which lasts approximately four hours after a meal, the body absorbs nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. The carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids we consume are broken down into monosaccharides, amino acids, and free fatty acids for absorption. While carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed as-is, lipids are absorbed in their broken-down forms and then re-esterified into triglycerides within enterocytes before being packaged into chylomicrons. These absorbed...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
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Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

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During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Characterization of Metabolic Status in Nonhuman Primates with the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test
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Glucometabolic State Transitions: The Jackson Heart Study.

Trudy Gaillard1, Haiying Chen2, Valery S Effoe3

  • 1Florida International University, Miami, FL.

Ethnicity & Disease
|August 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glucometabolic transitions were frequent in African Americans, with most cases worsening. Weight control is crucial for preserving glucose metabolism and preventing type 2 diabetes (T2D) progression.

Keywords:
African AmericansDiabetes MellitusGlucometabolic StatesPrediabetesRisk FactorsWeight Loss

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Diabetes and prediabetes are prevalent in African Americans (AA).
  • Understanding transitions in glucose metabolism is crucial for this population.
  • Previous studies have not well-described the frequency and predictors of these transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine glucometabolic transitions in African Americans.
  • To identify predictors of progression to and remission from type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  • To inform public health strategies for diabetes prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Jackson Heart Study participants with baseline and follow-up exams (~8 years).
  • Classification of participants by glycemic status: normoglycemic, prediabetes, diabetes.
  • Multinomial logistic regression models used to assess transition predictors, adjusting for multiple factors.

Main Results:

  • Among 3353 participants, 43% were normoglycemic, 32% prediabetic, and 25% diabetic at baseline.
  • High probability of progression from normal glucose to prediabetes (38.5%) and from prediabetes to diabetes (19.9%).
  • Progression linked to higher BMI, baseline diabetes, triglycerides, family history, and weight gain; remission associated with weight loss.

Conclusions:

  • Glucometabolic transitions are common in African Americans, with a tendency towards deterioration.
  • Weight control is a key public health intervention to maintain metabolic health.
  • Interventions focusing on weight management can help prevent T2D progression in this demographic.