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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
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Updated: Sep 2, 2025

C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position
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Spondylolisthesis.

Nathan Li1, John Scofield2, Payton Mangham2

  • 1Medical College of Wisconsin.

Orthopedic Reviews
|August 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spondylolisthesis is vertebral slippage that can cause low back pain and neurogenic claudication. Treatment ranges from conservative pain management and physical therapy to surgical options for persistent symptoms.

Keywords:
Back painSpondylolisthesisSpondylolysisVertebra

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Spondylolisthesis involves vertebral slippage, often asymptomatic but can cause pain and neurogenic claudication.
  • Diagnosis relies on clinical history, physical examination, and imaging studies.
  • Etiology-based classification guides understanding and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of spondylolisthesis.
  • To discuss its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment modalities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of spondylolisthesis.
  • Synthesis of information on diagnosis and management.

Main Results:

  • Spondylolisthesis is classified by cause and can lead to significant symptoms.
  • Conservative treatments like physical therapy are primary interventions.
  • Surgical options are considered for refractory cases.

Conclusions:

  • Effective diagnosis and management of spondylolisthesis require a multi-faceted approach.
  • Treatment strategies should be tailored to individual patient needs and symptom severity.