Gravity-driven electrospun membranes for effective removal of perfluoro-organics from synthetic groundwater

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants in water and soil. Electrospun membranes with open structure could treat PFAS in a gravity-driven mode with ultralow pressure needs. The electrospun ultrathin fibers (67 ± 27 nm) was prepared for the enhanced specific surface area; where polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) backbones and the grafted quaternary ammonium moieties (QA; PVDF-g-QA membranes) provided both hydrophobicity and anion-exchange ability (electrostatic interaction). High affinity towards the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)/perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) molecules (denoted as PFOX collectively) was observed, and >95% PFOX was removed from synthetic groundwater with a flux of 32.3 Lm^-2h^-1 at ΔP_o = 313 Pa. With a higher octanol/water partitioning coefficient (Log K_ow = 6.3) and close dispersion interaction parameter to the membrane backbones (16.6% difference in δ_d), the effective PFOS removal remained under alkaline and high conductivity conditions due to the intensive hydrophobic interaction compared to that of PFOA. Long-term studies exhibited >90% PFOX removal in an 8 h test with a capacity of 258 L/m². Under mild regeneration conditions, PFOA and PFOS were concentrated by 35-fold and 39-fold, respectively. Overall, the gravity-driven electrospun PVDF-g-QA membranes, with adsorptive effectiveness and ease of regeneration, showed great potential in PFAS remediation.