Kinetic Analysis of Bio-oil Derived Hierarchically Porous Carbon for Superior Li⁺/Na⁺ Storage

Herein, an efficient biomass utilization is proposed to prepare bio-oil-derived carbon (BODPC) with hierarchical pores and certain H/O/N functionalities for superior Li⁺/Na⁺ storage. Kinetic analyses reveal that BODPC has similar behavior in the electrochemical Li⁺ and Na⁺ storage processes, in terms of physical adsorption (Stage I), chemical redox reactions with surface functionalities (Stage II), and insertion into the graphitic interlayer (Stage III). Promisingly, BODPC exhibits a high reversible specific capacity (1881.7 mAh g^-1 for Li⁺ and 461.0 mAh g^-1 for Na⁺ at 0.1 A g^-1), superior rate capability (674.1 mAh g^-1 for Li⁺ and 125.7 mAh g^-1 for Na⁺ at 5.0 A g^-1), and long-term cyclability. More notably, the BODPC with highly capacitive-dominant behavior would hold great promise for the applications of high-power, durable, and safe rechargeable batteries/capacitors.