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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

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General anesthesia for cesarean section: are we doing it well?

¹Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Anesthesia and Pain Medicine

|August 3, 2022

Summary

General anesthesia for cesarean sections is sometimes necessary, particularly in Korea. This review updates obstetric anesthesiologists on current practices and new techniques for safe general anesthesia during cesarean delivery.

Keywords:

Cesarean section General anesthesia Obstetrics Rapid sequence induction

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Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Obstetrics

Background:

Korea exhibits a higher incidence of cesarean sections performed under general anesthesia compared to global rates.
While neuraxial anesthesia is preferred, general anesthesia remains essential in specific cesarean section scenarios.
Obstetric anesthesiologists require proficiency in general anesthesia for cesarean delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an updated review on general anesthesia techniques for cesarean sections.
To enhance the knowledge and training of anesthesiologists regarding safe practices.
To address the evolving landscape of anesthetic drugs and equipment.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature and established practices for general anesthesia in cesarean sections.
Discussion of traditional methods, including rapid-sequence induction with thiopental-succinylcholine and cricoid pressure.
Exploration of advancements such as new anesthetic agents (propofol, rocuronium, sugammadex) and devices (videolaryngoscopy, supraglottic airways).

Main Results:

Traditional methods for general anesthesia in cesarean sections are being updated.
Newer pharmacological agents and advanced equipment offer alternative approaches.
The review synthesizes information to support updated anesthetic protocols.

Conclusions:

General anesthesia for cesarean sections requires continuous learning and adaptation.
The integration of novel drugs and equipment can improve safety for both patients and providers.
This review serves as a resource for anesthesiologists to update their skills in performing general anesthesia for cesarean sections.