New-onset IgA nephropathy following COVID-19 vaccination

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused significant economic and health damage worldwide. Rapid vaccination is one of the key strategies to curb severe illness and death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide have received various COVID-19 vaccines, including mRNA vaccines, inactivated vaccines and adenovirus-vectored vaccines, but the side effects and efficacy of most vaccines have not been extensively studied. Recently, there have been increasing reports of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) after COVID-19 vaccination, however, whether their relationship is causal or coincidental remains to be verified. Here, we summarize the latest clinical evidence of IgAN diagnosed by renal biopsy associated with the COVID-19 vaccine published by 10 July 2022 with the largest sample size, and propose a hypothesis for the pathogenesis between them. At the same time, the new opportunity presented by COVID-19 vaccine allows us to explore the mechanism of IgAN recurrence for the first time. Indeed, we recognize that large-scale COVID-19 vaccination has enormous benefits in preventing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this review is to help guide the clinical assessment and management of IgA nephropathy post-COVID-19 vaccination and to enrich the 'multi-hit' theory of IgA nephropathy.