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Related Concept Videos

Inducible Operons: lac Operon01:25

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

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The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA...
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Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Operons02:09

Operons

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Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by...
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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Overview of Lipid Metabolism01:24

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Lipid metabolism is a crucial process in the human body that involves the synthesis and degradation of lipids. This process is essential for energy production, cell membrane formation, and hormone production, among other functions.
Lipolysis: The Breakdown of Lipids:
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Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Multidisciplinary Approach to Obesity Management: A Case Report
05:10

Multidisciplinary Approach to Obesity Management: A Case Report

Published on: May 30, 2025

339

Outrunning obesity with Lac-Phe?

Jens Lund1, Christoffer Clemmensen1, Thue W Schwartz1

  • 1Novo Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Cell Metabolism
|August 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary

High-intensity exercise releases lactate, forming N-lactoyl-phenylalanine (Lac-Phe). Research suggests this metabolite acts as an "exercise hormone" to suppress appetite and combat obesity.

Area of Science:

  • Exercise physiology
  • Metabolomics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Skeletal muscle releases lactate during intense exercise.
  • Lactate metabolism generates pseudo-dipeptide metabolites, such as N-lactoyl-phenylalanine (Lac-Phe).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Lac-Phe in appetite regulation and obesity.
  • To determine if Lac-Phe functions as an "exercise hormone".

Main Methods:

  • Genetic manipulation in mouse models.
  • Pharmacological interventions.
  • Metabolomic analysis of exercise-induced changes.

Main Results:

  • Lac-Phe levels increase significantly after high-intensity exercise.

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  • Administration of Lac-Phe suppressed appetite in animal models.
  • Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of Lac-Phe signaling counteracted exercise-induced leanness.

    • Conclusions:

    • N-lactoyl-phenylalanine (Lac-Phe) is proposed as a novel exercise-induced hormone.
    • Lac-Phe plays a critical role in mediating the anti-obesity effects of exercise.
    • Targeting the Lac-Phe pathway may offer new strategies for managing obesity.